oxidation with photocatalyst process: Recent advances, affecting factors
\nand future perspectives
\nHusham M. Al-Tameemi a, Khalid A. Sukkar b, Ali H. Abbar c,*
\na Chemical Engineering Department, University of Al-Qadissiyah, Iraq
\nb Chemical Engineering Department, University of Technology- Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq
\nc Department of Biochemical Engineering, Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq
\nA R T I C L E I N F O
\nKeywords:
\nPetroleum refinery wastewater
\nAnodic oxidation
\nAOPs
\nHydroxyl radicals
\nPhotocatalysis
\nHybrid treatment process
\nA B S T R A C T
\nThe progress in human activities, industrialization, and urbanization has led to the generation of enormous
\nquantities of polluted wastewaters, especially those produced by petroleum refineries. Generally, physicochemical
\nand biological treatment methods are employed to treat petroleum refinery wastewaters. However,
\nthey suffer from low efficiency in removing pollutants due to the nature of these wastewaters. Among all
\nwastewater treatment methods, electrochemical oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, and their hybrid processes
\nare regarded as feasible and promising options for establishing an effective effluent treatment approach in such
\ncases. It was found that these methods depend on the generation of hydroxyl radicals, extremely reactive
\noxidizing agents that effectively degrade pollutants present in the petroleum refinery wastewaters. This review
\npresents contemporary views on the state of the art for electrooxidation, photocatalytic degradation, and their
\nhybrid processes. The comparison of these methods with conventional treatment methods indicates that both
\nprocesses provided a high rate of treatment efficiency with lower energy consumption. Additionally, the
\nmechanisms and operating variables of both anodic oxidation and photocatalytic processes were explained and
\nevaluated. Furthermore, the use of the combined process for treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater was
\nalso outlined, focusing on its beneficial characteristics. Based on the results of most previously conducted laboratory
\nstudies, hybrid processes were found to be more effective in removing COD from petroleum refinery
\nwastewater compared to individual processes<\/p>\n
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